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python 泛型？看这一篇就够了

news 2026/8/23 0:26:37

前言

网上关于泛型的介绍实在是太少了，而且都是浅尝辄止

我得整点高级和完善点的

首先是一个强类型动态语言

通常来说, 动态类型并不需要泛型, 原因在于泛型的作用是使类型能够具有动态性, 那么在这个地方, 我们究竟要把什么称之为『泛型』呢?

相当容易理解, 存在hint, 要是你不书写hint, 并且也不在意ide给予你的类型提示全都是Any, 那无论如何『泛型』是毫无必要去予以关注的。

然而, 于2022年时, 身为一名优秀的开发者, 其所编写的全部代码均需添加hint, 故而, 泛型的学习以及掌握便成为了刻不容缓的事情。

第一个例子 —— 关联函数的入参和返回值的类型

有这么一个函数 func 函数：

参数value的类型为int或者float, 要是value的type是int, 那就返回int类型, 要是value的type是float, 那就返回float类型。

好了这么一个需求，你会怎么实现？想下面这样：

def func(value: int | float) -> int | float: return value

但是这样有一个很大的问题，这个函数的意思是：

参数value的类型, 是int或者float, 其返回值, 也是int或者float。然而, 这却无法描述出, 如value的type为int, 那么就返回int类型, 如value的type为float, 那么就返回float类型。

比如说, 我所输入的那个参数它是1, 这1属于int类型, 我期望返回的那个值同样也是int类型, 而不符合的是『int | float』这种情况。

那怎么办？

泛型就可以解决这个问题：

from typing import TypeVar T = TypeVar('T') def func(value: T) -> T: return value result = func(1)

要是输入的一个值的类型为整数类型, 那么此项即为整数。

要是输入的一个之中的value属于float类型, 那么那就是float。

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