当前位置：首页 > news >正文

初探 Spring Security

news 2026/7/4 1:26:26

前言

在當今瞬息萬變的 Web 環境中，應用程式安全比以往任何時候都更加重要。為保護服務、資料等各項資源，不被任意存取。Spring 提供了 Spring Security 驗證框架，它能幫助我們開發有關認證與授權等有關安全管理的功能。下面讓我們透過簡單的例子初窺如何運用。

專案實作

註: 基於初探 Vue 與 Spring boot 的對話之Backend (SpringBoot-Backend)文章專案延生

1. 新增相關 Dependencies

Pom.xml

<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-security-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>

備註:

spring-security-test 官方提供的測試套件，用來在單元測試與整合測試中方便地測試與 Spring Security 相關的功能

2.增修相關代碼

增修 Web 安全性, 網路安全配置類別 WebSecurityConfig

/* Web 安全性配置, 網路安全配置 */ @Configuration @EnableWebSecurity @EnableMethodSecurity(prePostEnabled = true) public class WebSecurityConfig { @Bean public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception { return http.csrf(csrf -> csrf.disable()) .authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth .requestMatchers("/api/public/**", "/login").permitAll() .requestMatchers("/api/user/**").hasAnyRole("USER", "ADMIN") .requestMatchers("/api/users/**").hasRole("ADMIN") .requestMatchers(HttpMethod.POST, "/api/user").hasRole("ADMIN") .requestMatchers(HttpMethod.DELETE, "/api/users/*") .hasRole("ADMIN") .anyRequest().authenticated()) .httpBasic(Customizer.withDefaults()) .formLogin(Customizer.withDefaults()) .build(); } /** * 使用 InMemoryUserDetailsManager,建立帳號與密碼並儲存於記憶體中 * 用於測試，定義帶有不同權限的用戶。 */ @Bean public UserDetailsService userDetailsService(PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder) { // ADMIN 用戶：擁有 ADMIN 角色 UserDetails admin = User .withUsername("admin") .password(passwordEncoder.encode("password")) .roles("ADMIN") .build(); // USER 用戶：擁有 USER 角色 UserDetails normalUser = User .withUsername("user") .password(passwordEncoder.encode("password")) .roles("USER") .build(); // GUEST 用戶：沒有任何角色 UserDetails guest = User .withUsername("guest") .password(passwordEncoder.encode("password")) .roles("GUEST") .build(); return new InMemoryUserDetailsManager(admin, normalUser, guest); } @Bean public BCryptPasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() { return new BCryptPasswordEncoder(); } }

備註：

/api/users 僅匹配完全相同的路徑。

例子：

/api/users 匹配
/api/users/ 不匹配
/api/users/123 不匹配

/api/users/** 匹配以 /api/users/ 開頭的所有路徑，無論子路徑有多少層級。

例子：

/api/users 匹配
/api/users/ 匹配
/api/users/123 匹配
/api/users/data/1 匹配

增修 Entity

增修 Entity @Entity @Getter @Setter @NoArgsConstructor @AllArgsConstructor @Builder @Table(name = "users") public class User { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id; @Column(name = "username", nullable = false) private String username; @Column(name = "password", nullable = false) private String password; @Column(name = "first_name", nullable = false) private String firstName; @Column(name = "last_name") private String lastName; @Column(name = "email", nullable = false, unique = true) private String email; public User(String username, String password, String firstName, String lastName, String email) { this.username = username; this.password = password; this.firstName = firstName; this.lastName = lastName; this.email = email; } }

增修UserRepository

@Repository public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> { Optional<User> findByUsername(String username); Boolean existsByUsername(String username); Boolean existsByEmail(String email); }

增修UserSerice

@Slf4j @Service public class UserService { @Autowired private UserRepository userRepository; @Transactional @PreAuthorize("hasAnyRole('ADMIN', 'USER')") public User saveUser(User user) { log.info("Saving user: " + user.getUsername()); if (user == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("User must not be null"); } return userRepository.save(user); } /* * @PreAuthorize: 在方法執行之前，決定是否允許訪問 */ @PreAuthorize("hasAuthority('ADMIN')") public List<User> getUsers() { List<User> users = null; try { users = userRepository.findAll(); log.debug("Number of users fetched: " + users.size()); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return users; } public User getUserById(Long uid) { if (uid == null) { throw new UserNotFoundException(null); } User user = userRepository.findById(uid) .orElseThrow(() -> new UserNotFoundException(uid)); return user; } public User updateUser(@RequestBody User newUser, @PathVariable Long id) { log.info("Updating user with id: " + id); return userRepository.findById(id) .map(user -> { user.setUsername(null == newUser.getUsername() ? user.getUsername() : newUser.getUsername()); user.setPassword(null == newUser.getPassword() ? user.getPassword() : newUser.getPassword()); user.setFirstName(null == newUser.getFirstName() ? user.getFirstName() : newUser.getFirstName()); user.setLastName(null == newUser.getLastName() ? user.getLastName() : newUser.getLastName()); user.setEmail(null == newUser.getEmail() ? user.getEmail() : newUser.getEmail()); return userRepository.save(user); }) .orElseGet(() -> { return userRepository.save(newUser); }); } public void deleteUser(Long uid) { if (uid == null) { throw new UserNotFoundException(null); } userRepository.deleteById(uid); } }

增修Controller

@Slf4j @RestController @RequestMapping("/api") public class UserController { @Autowired private UserService userService; @Autowired private UserRepository userRepository; @GetMapping("/public") public String publicApi() { return "public OK"; } @PostMapping("/user") public ResponseEntity<?> createUser(@RequestBody User newUser) { User user = userService.saveUser(newUser); return ResponseEntity.ok(user); } @GetMapping("/user/{uid}") public User getUserById(@PathVariable Long uid) { return userService.getUserById(uid); } @GetMapping("/users") public List<User> getAllUsers() { List<User> users = userRepository.findAll(); return users; } @PutMapping("/users/{uid}") User replaceUser(@RequestBody User newUser, @PathVariable Long uid) { return userService.updateUser(newUser, uid); } @DeleteMapping("/users/{uid}") @PreAuthorize("hasAuthority('delete')") void deleteUser(@PathVariable Long uid) { userService.deleteUser(uid); } }

建立SpringBootTest和MockMvc測試範例

import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach; import org.junit.jupiter.api.MethodOrderer; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Order; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestMethodOrder; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.security.test.context.support.WithMockUser; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders; import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext; import com.dannyyu.backend.model.User; import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.AutoConfigureMockMvc; import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest; import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment; import org.springframework.http.MediaType; import static org.springframework.security.test.web.servlet.request.SecurityMockMvcRequestPostProcessors.user; import static org.springframework.security.test.web.servlet.setup.SecurityMockMvcConfigurers.*; @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) @AutoConfigureMockMvc @TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.OrderAnnotation.class) public class SecurityTest { @Autowired private WebApplicationContext context; private MockMvc mockMvc; static Long uid = 0L; @BeforeEach public void setup() throws Exception { mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders .webAppContextSetup(context) .apply(springSecurity()) .build(); } @Test @Order(7) @WithMockUser(username = "admin", authorities = { "delete", "ROLE_ADMIN" }) void testDeleteUser() throws Exception { mockMvc.perform(delete("/api/users/" + uid)) .andExpect(status().isOk()); } @Test @Order(1) @WithMockUser(username = "admin", roles = { "ADMIN" }) public void testCreateUser() throws Exception { MvcResult result = null; User createdUser = null; String json = ""; User user = new User("test", "123456", "test", "wu", "test@example.com"); String jsoString = asJsonString(user); result = mockMvc.perform( MockMvcRequestBuilders .post("/api/user") .content( jsoString) .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) .andExpect(status().isOk()) .andReturn(); json = result.getResponse().getContentAsString(); createdUser = new ObjectMapper().readValue(json, User.class); uid = createdUser.getId(); } // Public API 無需登入 @Test @Order(2) @WithMockUser(roles = { "USER" }) void testPublicApi() throws Exception { mockMvc.perform(get("/api/public")) .andExpect(status().isOk()); } // 測試 USER角色可存取 /user @Test @Order(3) @WithMockUser(username = "user", roles = { "USER" }) void testUserApi() throws Exception { mockMvc.perform(get("/api/user/" + uid)) .andExpect(status().isOk()); } // 測試 USER 不能存取 /admin @Test @Order(4) @WithMockUser(roles = { "USER" }) void testAdminDenied() throws Exception { mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users")) .andExpect(status().isForbidden()); } // ADMIN 可存取 /users @Test @Order(5) @WithMockUser(roles = { "ADMIN" }) void testAdminApi() throws Exception { mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users")) .andExpect(status().isOk()); } @Test @Order(6) void testUserApiWithRequestPostProcessor() throws Exception { String responseBody = mockMvc.perform( get("/api/user/" + uid).with( user("admin").roles("ADMIN"))) .andExpect(status().isOk()) .andReturn().getResponse().getContentAsString(); System.out.println("****** 取得角色: ******"); System.out.println(responseBody); } public static String asJsonString(final Object obj) { try { return new ObjectMapper().writeValueAsString(obj); } catch (Exception e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } }

執行測試案例，成功

% mvn test
. . .
[INFO] -------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] T E S T S
[INFO] -------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Running com.dannyyu.backend.controller.SecurityTest
. . .
. . .
Hibernate: select u1_0.id,u1_0.email,u1_0.first_name,u1_0.last_name,u1_0.password,u1_0.username from users u1_0 where u1_0.id=?
Hibernate: delete from users where id=?
[INFO] Tests run: 7, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 2.966 s -- in com.dannyyu.backend.controller.SecurityTest
[INFO]
[INFO] Results:
[INFO]
[INFO] Tests run: 7, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
. . .