Java 日期时间
Java 日期时间
Java 提供了多套日期时间 API，以下是主要类别的对比和常用方法总结：
| 类别 | 主要类 | 线程安全 | 可变性 | Java 版本 | 特点 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 传统日期 | Date, Calendar，GregorianCalendar | 否 | 可变 | 1.0+ | 设计缺陷多，不推荐使用 |
| 新日期时间 | LocalDate, LocalTime, LocalDateTime, ZonedDateTime, ChronoUnit | 是 | 不可变 | 8+ | 设计良好，推荐使用 |
| 时间戳 | Instant | 是 | 不可变 | 8+ | 机器时间，精确到纳秒 |
| 格式化 | DateTimeFormatter | 是 | 不可变 | 8+ | 线程安全的格式化类 |
LocalDate/DateTimeFormatter
LocalDate/DateTimeFormatter 是 Java 8 引入的日期类，LocalDate 用于表示不带时间的日期（年-月-日），DateTimeFormatter 用于格式化和解析日期时间对象。
实例
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
public class RunoobTest {
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public static void main(String[] args) {
// 获取当前日期
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("当前日期: " + today);
// 创建特定日期
LocalDate nationalDay = LocalDate.of(2025, 10, 1);
System.out.println("国庆节: " + nationalDay);
// 日期加减
LocalDate tomorrow = today.plusDays(1);
LocalDate nextMonth = today.plusMonths(1);
LocalDate lastYear = today.minusYears(1);
System.out.println("明天: " + tomorrow);
System.out.println("下个月: " + nextMonth);
System.out.println("去年今天: " + lastYear);
}
}
以上实例输出结果为：
当前日期: 2025-05-01 国庆节: 2025-10-01 明天: 2025-05-02 下个月: 2025-06-01 去年今天: 2024-05-01
新项目优先使用 java.time 包(Java 8+)
避免使用老旧的 Date 和 Calendar 类
明确区分使用时区：
不需要时区：LocalDate/LocalTime/LocalDateTime
需要时区：ZonedDateTime
格式化时考虑线程安全：使用 DateTimeFormatter 而非 SimpleDateFormat
数据库交互：
JDBC 4.2+ 直接支持 java.time 类型
旧版本可转换为 java.sql.Date/Timestamp
1. LocalDate (日期)
实例
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
LocalDate date = LocalDate.of(2023, Month.JUNE, 15);
int year = date.getYear(); // 2023
Month month = date.getMonth(); // JUNE
int day = date.getDayOfMonth(); // 15
LocalDate nextWeek = today.plusWeeks(1);
boolean isLeap = date.isLeapYear(); // 是否闰年
2. LocalTime (时间)
实例
LocalTime now = LocalTime.now();
LocalTime time = LocalTime.of(14, 30, 45); // 14:30:45
int hour = time.getHour(); // 14
int minute = time.getMinute(); // 30
LocalTime nextHour = time.plusHours(1);
3. LocalDateTime (日期时间)
实例
LocalDateTime ldt = LocalDateTime.now();
LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.of(2023, 6, 15, 14, 30);
LocalDateTime nextMonth = dt.plusMonths(1);
4. ZonedDateTime (带时区日期时间)
实例
ZonedDateTime zdt = ZonedDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Shanghai"));
ZonedDateTime nyTime = zdt.withZoneSameInstant(ZoneId.of("America/New_York"));
ZoneId zone = zdt.getZone(); // 获取时区
5. Instant (时间戳)
实例
Instant now = Instant.now(); // 获取当前时间戳
Instant later = now.plusSeconds(60); // 60秒后
long epochMilli = now.toEpochMilli(); // 获取毫秒时间戳
Date 类
java.util 包提供了 Date 类来封装当前的日期和时间。 Date 类提供两个构造函数来实例化 Date 对象。
第一个构造函数使用当前日期和时间来初始化对象。
Date( )
第二个构造函数接收一个参数，该参数是从 1970 年 1 月 1 日起的毫秒数。
Date(long millisec)