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Three.js 粒子泡泡教程

news 2026/7/3 18:03:18

粒子泡泡 ·Bubble· ▶ 在线运行案例

案例合集：三维可视化功能案例（threehub.cn）
开源仓库github地址：https://github.com/z2586300277/three-cesium-examples
400个案例代码:网盘链接

你将学到什么

ShaderMaterial 自定义着色器实现核心视觉效果
OrbitControls 相机轨道交互
BufferGeometry 自定义顶点/索引数据
requestAnimationFrame渲染循环与resize自适应

效果说明

本案例演示粒子泡泡效果：基于 WebGL 实现「粒子泡泡」可视化效果，附完整可运行源码；核心用到 ShaderMaterial、OrbitControls、BufferGeometry。建议先打开文首在线案例查看动态画面，再对照下方源码逐步理解。

核心概念

Scene / Camera / WebGLRenderer构成最小渲染闭环；大场景可开logarithmicDepthBuffer缓解 Z-fighting。
ShaderMaterial通过uniforms+ 自定义 GLSL 控制逐像素/逐点效果；透明粒子常配合depthTest: false。
OrbitControls提供轨道旋转/缩放；开启enableDamping后需在 animate 中controls.update()。

实现步骤

搭建 Scene、PerspectiveCamera、WebGLRenderer，挂载 canvas 并处理resize
定义 uniforms / onBeforeCompile 或 ShaderMaterial，编写 GLSL 与材质参数
创建 OrbitControls（及 Raycaster 等交互控件，若源码包含）
在requestAnimationFrame循环中更新状态并 render（Cesium 为viewer.render或自动渲染）

代码要点

import * as THREE from "three";import { OrbitControls } from "three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js"; import { GUI } from "three/addons/libs/lil-gui.module.min.js"; const { Color, ShaderMaterial, BufferGeometry, Points, Vector3, Float32BufferAttribute, } = THREE
class Bubble extends Points {
_count = 0;
_size = 10;
_color = "#ff0000";
_speed = 0.8;
_maxHeight = 10;
_radius = 10;
_radius2 = 10;
isBubble = true;
_emitter = "cone"
_emitters = [ "cone", "cylinder", "box", "sphere" ];
type = "Bubble";
/**
* @param emitter {string}
*/ set emitter(emitter) { if (this._emitters.indexOf(emitter) !== -1) { this._emitter = emitter; this.setPoints(); this.uniforms.emitter.value = this._emitters.indexOf(this._emitter); } }set radius(radius) { this._radius = radius; this.setPoints(); }
set radius2(radius) { this._radius2 = radius; this.setPoints(); }
set count(count) { this._count = count; this.setPoints(); }
set maxHeight(maxHeight) { this._maxHeight = maxHeight; this.uniforms.maxHeight.value = maxHeight || 10; this.setPoints(); }
set speed(speed) { this._speed = speed; this.uniforms.speed.value = speed; }
set size(size) { this._size = size; this.uniforms.size.value = size; }
set color(color) { this._color = color; this.uniforms.color.value = new Color(color); }
get radius() { return this._radius; }
get emitter() { return this._emitter; }
get emitters() { return this._emitters; }
get count() { return this._count; }
get speed() { return this._speed; }
get size() { return this._size; }
get maxHeight() { return this._maxHeight; }
vertexShader =varying vec2 vUv; //创建uv变量,用于给片元着色器传递uv uniform float u_time; //从前端接收u_time uniform float speed; //从前端接收speed uniform float size; //从前端接收size uniform float emitter;//发射器类型 uniform float maxHeight;//从前端接收maxHeight attribute float data1; attribute float data2; void main(){ //从顶点着色器取uv给片元着色器 vUv = vec2(uv.x,uv.y); //用一个变量复制当前位置,用于计算最终位置 vec3 u_position = position; if(emitter < 3.0){ //粒子y轴变化 float t = fract( u_time * speed + position.y/maxHeight); //对u_time取小数,使得数据一直在0~1按顺序变化,减y轴是用于移动图像 u_position.y = t * maxHeight; //圆锥模式 if(emitter == 0.0){ u_position.x = cos(data2)data1u_position.y/maxHeight; u_position.z = sin(data2)data1u_position.y/maxHeight; } //圆柱模式 if(emitter == 1.0){ u_position.x = cos(data2) * data1; u_position.z = sin(data2) * data1; } //立方体模式 if(emitter == 2.0){ u_position.x = data1; u_position.z = data2; } }else{ //球体模式 if(emitter == 3.0){ float r = length(u_position); float t = fract(u_time * speed + r/maxHeight); r = t * maxHeight; u_position.x = rsin(data1)cos(data2); u_position.y = r * sin(data2); u_position.z = rcos(data1)cos(data2); } } //设定粒子大小 gl_PointSize = size; //固定写法,将最终计算完成的顶点位置传递给显卡并交由显卡计算 gl_Position = projectionMatrixmodelViewMatrixvec4( u_position, 1.0 ); };
fragmentShader =uniform vec3 color;//从前端接收颜色 varying vec2 vUv; //获取从顶点着色器传递过来的uv void main(){ //气泡计算公式, 根据中心到边缘的距离设定透明度 float dis = pow( distance( gl_PointCoord , vec2(0.5,0.5) ) ,2.0); //透明度高于0.2的部分舍弃,用于舍弃边缘方形的区域 if(dis > 0.2){ discard; } //固定写法,将计算后的颜色渲染出来 gl_FragColor = vec4(color,dis * 2.0); };
uniforms = { u_time: { value: 0 }, speed: { value: 0.8 }, size: { value: 10 }, color: { value: new Color("#2acdf9") }, maxHeight: { value: 10 }, emitter: { value: this._emitters.indexOf(this._emitter) } };
/**
* @param config {Object}
count:粒子数量
xArea:x随机范围
zArea:z随机范围
maxHeight:最大升腾高度
speed:升腾速度
size:气泡大小
color:气泡颜色
*/ constructor(config) { super(); this.material = this.initLineMaterial(); this.geometry = new BufferGeometry(); config = config || { color: "#2acdf9" }; this.uniforms.speed.value = config.speed || this.uniforms.speed.value this.uniforms.size.value = config.size || this.uniforms.size.value this.uniforms.maxHeight.value = config.maxHeight || this.uniforms.maxHeight.value this.uniforms.color.value = new Color(config.color); this._count = config.count || 100; this.setPoints(); }initLineMaterial = () => { return new ShaderMaterial({ uniforms: this.uniforms, vertexShader: this.vertexShader, fragmentShader: this.fragmentShader, transparent: true, }); }
setPoints = () => { let points = []; let data1Array = []; let data2Array = []; for (let i = 0; i < this._count; i++) {
//圆柱模式下,生成的数据用于半径和角度 if (this._emitter === "cone" || this._emitter === "cylinder") { let data1 = Math.random() * this._radius; let data2 = Math.PI2Math.random(); data1Array.push(data1); data2Array.push(data2); } if (this._emitter === "box") { let data1 = Math.random() * this._radius - this._radius / 2; let data2 = Math.random() * this._radius2 - this._radius2 / 2; data1Array.push(data1); data2Array.push(data2); } if (this._emitter === "sphere") { let data1 = Math.PI2Math.random(); let data2 = Math.PI2Math.random(); data1Array.push(data1); data2Array.push(data2); } let y = i / this._count * this.uniforms.maxHeight.value; points.push(new Vector3(0, y, 0)); } this.geometry.setFromPoints(points); this.geometry.setAttribute('data1', new Float32BufferAttribute(data1Array, 1)); this.geometry.setAttribute('data2', new Float32BufferAttribute(data2Array, 1)); console.log(this.geometry); }
onBeforeRender = () => { this.uniforms.u_time.value += 0.01; } }
window.addEventListener('load', e => { init(); addMesh(); render(); })
let scene, renderer, camera; let orbit;
let gui = new GUI();
let bubble;
function init() {
scene = new THREE.Scene(); renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({ antialias: true }); renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight); document.body.append(renderer.domElement);
camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(50, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 0.1, 2000); camera.add(new THREE.PointLight()); camera.position.set(10, 10, 10); scene.add(camera);
orbit = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement); orbit.enableDamping = true;
scene.add(new THREE.AxesHelper(10)); }
function addMesh() { let size = 1; let geometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry(size, size, size).translate(0, size / 2, 0); let material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: "#00ffff", transparent: true, opacity: 0.5 }); let mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material); scene.add(mesh);
bubble = new Bubble({ speed: 0.8, size: 30, maxHeight: 10, color: "#ff0000" }); scene.add(bubble);
let params = { speed: 0.8, size: 30, maxHeight: 10, color: "#1acdf9", count: 100, radius: 10, rotateSpeed: 0.01, backgroundColor: "#000000", emitter: "cone", emitterOptions: ["cone", "cylinder", "box", "sphere"] };
gui.add(params, "speed", -2, 2).step(0.01).onChange(v => bubble.speed = v); gui.add(params, "size").onChange(v => bubble.size = v); gui.add(params, "maxHeight").onChange(v => bubble.maxHeight = v); gui.addColor(params, "color").onChange(v => bubble.color = v); gui.add(params, "count").onChange(v => bubble.count = v); gui.add(params, "radius").onChange(v => bubble.radius = v); gui.add(params, "rotateSpeed").onChange(v => bubble.rotateSpeed = v); gui.addColor(params, 'backgroundColor').name('背景色').onChange(v => { scene.background = new THREE.Color(v); }); gui.add(params, 'emitter', params.emitterOptions).name('粒子发射方式').onChange(v => { bubble.emitter = v; }); }function render() { renderer.render(scene, camera); orbit.update(); requestAnimationFrame(render); }